AbstractThe study of double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) encompasses a variety of fields. Basic research in this area has contributed to a greater mechanistic understanding of gene induction, tumor cell growth arrest, the establishment of antiviral states, and immunomodulation. Because of the possible clinical value of these molecules, physicians are now exploring the use of synthetic dsRNA to treat patients with cancer, HIV‐1 disease, and immune dysfunction. Continued studies of the mechanisms of action of dsRNA are likely to suggest an even wider scope of clinical applications.