AbstractLying at the gas‐exchange interface, lung epithelia may be at risk of oxidation‐induced mutagenesis. Further, inflammation processes possibly consequent on smoking liberate reactive oxygen species that multiply the carcinogenic effects of tobacco. DNA repair mechanisms play a major role in counteracting the deleterious effects of oxidative DNA damage. Some studies find positive associations between lung cancer and variations in the human 8‐oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (hOGG1) gene that encodes a major DNA glycosylase for oxidized lesions with sluggish kinetics properties. The bacterial homologue formamidopyrimidine‐DNA glycosylase (FPG) is 80‐fold faster than hOGG1 in repairing mutagenic oxidative lesions. Cell‐culture studies have shown that FPG can be expressed in mammalian cells, where it accelerates DNA repair and abates mutagenicity of a wide range of DNA‐damaging agents. Prophylaxis of oxidative DNA damage and mutation could be achieved in lung epithelia and other tissues of at‐risk individuals by expression of the FPG protein. Currently available vehicles for this peculiar type of gene therapy are briefly surveyed. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.