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Food Science & Nutrition
Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY
Data sources: Crossref
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PubMed Central
Article . 2025
License: CC BY
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Processed Food Consumption Based on the NOVA Classification Is Associated With Elevated Cardiometabolic Risk in Turkish Adults

Authors: Irem Ozkan; Tugce Ozlu Karahan; Hande Seven Avuk;

Processed Food Consumption Based on the NOVA Classification Is Associated With Elevated Cardiometabolic Risk in Turkish Adults

Abstract

ABSTRACT The global rise in ultra‐processed food consumption is associated with increased prevalence of cardiometabolic disorders such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between processed food intake and cardiometabolic risk factors among adults in Türkiye. A cross‐sectional study was conducted among 171 adults aged 18–65 years attending an internal medicine outpatient clinic between March and April 2024. Data collected included dietary habits, physical activity levels, anthropometric measurements, and biochemical parameters. Processed food intake was classified according to the NOVA system and divided into tertiles. Cardiometabolic risk was assessed using the Framingham risk score. The median age was 44.0 (29.0–52.0) years; 67.9% were female. Participants in the T2 tertile with the highest processed food intake had a higher median waist/hip ratio [0.88; (0.82–0.90)] compared to those in the lowest tertile (T1) [0.82 (0.76–0.88); p = 0.003]. Similarly, the median Framingham risk score was higher in the highest tertile of T2 [11.0; (5.0–15.0)] compared to those in the lowest tertile [5.0; (−1.0–9.5); p < 0.001]. These differences suggest a positive correlation between processed food intake and cardiometabolic risk. Increased processed food consumption is associated with higher obesity and cardiometabolic risk among Turkish adults. Promoting healthy dietary habits and reducing processed food intake could have significant public health benefits. Future longitudinal studies with larger samples are needed to confirm these findings and clarify causality. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov : NCT06996262

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
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gold