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Timing Calibration and Windowing Technique Comparison for Lightning Mapping Arrays

مقارنة تقنية معايرة التوقيت والنوافذ لمصفوفات خرائط البرق
Authors: Brian Hare; H. E. Edens; P. R. Krehbiel; W. Rison; O. Schölten; S. Buitink; A. Corstanje; +13 Authors

Timing Calibration and Windowing Technique Comparison for Lightning Mapping Arrays

Abstract

AbstractSince their introduction 22 years ago, lightning mapping arrays (LMA) have played a central role in the investigation of lightning physics. Even in recent years with the proliferation of digital interferometers and the introduction of the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) radio telescope, LMAs still play an important role in lightning science. LMA networks use a simple windowing technique that records the highest pulse in either 80 μs or 10 μs fixed windows in order to apply a time‐of‐arrival location technique. In this work, we develop an LMA‐emulator that uses lightning data recorded by LOFAR to simulate an LMA, and we use it to test three new styles of pulse windowing. We show that they produce very similar results as the more traditional LMA windowing, implying that LMA lightning mapping results are relatively independent of windowing technique. In addition, each LMA station has its GPS‐conditioned clock. While the timing accuracy of GPS receivers has improved significantly over the years, they still significantly limit the timing measurements of the LMA. Recently, new time‐of‐arrival techniques have been introduced that can be used to self‐calibrate systematic offsets between different receiving stations. Applying this calibration technique to a set of data with 32 ns uncertainty, observed by the Colorado LMA, improves the timing uncertainty to 19 ns. This technique is not limited to LMAs and could be used to help calibrate future multi‐station lightning interferometers.

Countries
Belgium, Netherlands, Netherlands, Germany, Netherlands
Keywords

Atmospheric Science, Time of arrival, 550, Astronomy, FOS: Mechanical engineering, Engineering, Computer security, Lightning (connector), info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/530, QE1-996.5, Global and Planetary Change, High-Resolution Seismic Noise Tomography, Physics, ddc:530, Geology, Remote sensing, Power (physics), Radio Astronomy Techniques and Instruments, Earth and Planetary Sciences, World Wide Web, Geophysics, Email authentication, Electronic mail, Global Lightning Distribution and Physics, Calibration, Physical Sciences, Telecommunications, Wireless, Multi-factor authentication, Astronomical interferometer, Low frequency, Research Article, Aerospace Engineering, QB1-991, 530, Quantum mechanics, Real-time computing, Lightning, Radar Wave Propagation and Refractivity Estimation, Impact of Climate Change on Forest Wildfires, Global Positioning System, Radar Propagation, Key (lock), info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550, LOFAR, Optics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences, Numerical Weather Prediction Models, Computer science, Interferometry, Physics and Astronomy, Environmental Science, Authentication protocol

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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