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Geometric regularity in webs of non‐orb‐weaving spiders

الانتظام الهندسي في شبكات العناكبغيرالمدارية
Authors: Martín J. Ramiréz; Jonas O. Wolff; Peter Jäger; Martina Pavlek; Abel Pérez‐González; Ivan L. F. Magalhães; Peter Michalik;
APC: 1,713.6 EUR

Geometric regularity in webs of non‐orb‐weaving spiders

Abstract

AbstractGeometric regularity of spider webs has been intensively studied in orb‐weaving spiders, although it is not exclusive of orb weavers. Here, we document the geometrically regular, repetitive elements in the webs of the non‐orb‐weaving groups Leptonetidae and Telemidae for the first time. Similar to orb weavers, we found areas with regularly spaced parallel lines in the webs of Calileptoneta helferi, Sulcia sp., and cf. Pinelema sp. Furthermore, we provide a detailed account of the regular webs of Ochyrocera (Ochyroceratidae). The sections of the web with regularly disposed parallel lines are built as U‐shaped modules reminiscent of orb webs. It has been suggested that the regularly spaced parallel lines in the webs of Ochyroceratidae and Psilodercidae may be produced in a single sweep of their posterior lateral spinnerets, which have regularly spaced aciniform gland spigots, perhaps involving expansion of the spinnerets. To test this hypothesis, we compared the spacing between parallel lines with the spacing between spigots, searched for expansible membranes in the spinnerets, and examined the junctions of regularly spaced lines. The distance between parallel lines was 10–20 times the distance between spigots, and we found no expansible membranes, and the intersection of parallel lines are cemented, which opposes the single sweep hypothesis. Furthermore, we found cues of viscid silk in the parallel lines of the psilodercid Althepus and broadened piriform gland spigots that may be responsible of its production. Finally, we evaluated the presence or absence of geometrically regular web elements across the spider tree of life. We found reports of regular webs in 31 spider families, including 20 families that are not orb weavers and hypothesize that the two basic aspects of regularity (parallel lines spaced at regular intervals, and radial lines spaced at regular angles) probably appeared many times in the evolution of spiders.

Countries
Argentina, Croatia, Croatia
Keywords

Composite material, Weaving, Artificial intelligence, Ribbon, Phylogenetic Analysis of Spiders and Their Evolution, Materials Science, Geometry, orb web, Nature Notes, Biomaterials, Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Engineering, https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1.6, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Genetics, FOS: Mathematics, Image (mathematics), spinnerets, silk, Orb (optics), Ecology and Evolution of Gall-Inducing Insects, Spider, https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1, Biology, QH540-549.5, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Ecology, Spider Phylogenomics, Life Sciences, Araneoidea, Synspermiata, Parallel, Computer science, Materials science, Aerospace engineering, FOS: Biological sciences, Physical Sciences, Biomedical Applications of Silk Biomaterials, Araneae, Anatomy, Intersection (aeronautics), Araneae ; Araneoidea ; orb web ; silk ; spinnerets ; Synspermiata, Zoology, Mathematics

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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