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ChemSusChem
Article . 2026 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY
Data sources: Crossref
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A Three‐Step Route to Functionalized Pyrrole‐2,5‐Dicarboxylic Acids from Galactaric Acid

Authors: Giacomo Trapasso; Davide Dalla Torre; Marco Artuso; Fabio Aricò;

A Three‐Step Route to Functionalized Pyrrole‐2,5‐Dicarboxylic Acids from Galactaric Acid

Abstract

Galactaric acid (GalA), one of the key biomass‐derived organic acids, serves as a promising starting material for the synthesis of several platform chemicals, including muconic acid, 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), and pyrones, which can replace conventional petroleum‐based chemicals. Recently, GalA has also been investigated as a precursor for nitrogen‐containing heterocycles, such as pyrrole‐2,5‐dicarboxylic acids (PDCAs), which find applications in macromolecular chemistry, metal–organic framework (MOF) synthesis, and polymer production. To date, only two procedures have been reported for the synthesis of N‐substituted PDCAs (R‐PDCA), in which either the final products were not isolated, or the overall process required up to six reaction steps. This work focuses on the development of a simple and scalable route to functionalized PDCA compounds starting from GalA. The optimized synthetic procedure enabled the high‐yield production of a library of PDCA derivatives through a three‐step process involving a 2‐pyrone salt as a key intermediate. All the products were isolated without the need for any chromatographic purification and fully characterized. Metrics were used to evaluate the greenness of the presented process and to compare it with the two previously reported procedures, demonstrating the viability of this synthesis for obtaining N‐substituted PDCA compounds.

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average