AbstractOn‐surface synthesis constitutes a rapidly growing field of research due to its promising application for creating stable molecular structures on surfaces. While self‐assembled structures rely on reversible interactions, on‐surface synthesis provides the potential for creating long‐term stable structures with well‐controlled properties, for example superior electron transport for future molecular electronic devices. On‐surface synthesis holds the promise for preparing insoluble compounds that cannot be produced in solution. Another highly exciting aspect of on‐surface synthesis is the chance to discover new reaction pathways due to the two‐dimensional confinement of the reaction educts. In this review, we discuss the current state‐of‐the‐art and classify the reactions that have been successfully performed so far. Special emphasis is put on electrically insulating surfaces, as these substrates pose particular challenges for on‐surface synthesis while at the same time bearing high potential for future use, for example, in molecular electronics.