AbstractThe efferent connections and axonal and dendritic morphologies of periventricular neurons were examined in the optic tectum of rainbow trout to classify periventricular efferent neurons in salmonids. Among the target nuclei of tectal efferents, tracer injections to the following four structures labeled periventricular neurons: the area pretectalis pars dorsalis (APd), nucleus pretectalis superficialis pars magnocellularis (PSm), nucleus ventrolateralis of torus semicircularis (TS), and nucleus isthmi (NI). Two types of periventricular neurons were labeled by injections to the APd. One of them had an apical dendrite ramifying at the stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale (SFGS), with an axon that bifurcated into two branches at the stratum griseum centrale (SGC), and the other had an apical dendrite ramifying at the SGC. Two types of periventricular neurons were labeled after injections to the TS. One of them had an apical dendrite ramifying at the boundary between the stratum opticum (SO) and the SFGS, and the other had dendritic branches restricted to the stratum album centrale or stratum periventriculare. Injections to the PSm and NI labeled periventricular neurons of the same type with an apical dendrite ramifying at the SO and a characteristic axon that split into superficial and deep branches projecting to the PSm and NI, respectively. This cell type also possessed axonal branches that terminated within the tectum. These results indicate that periventricular efferent neurons can be classified into at least five types that possess type‐specific axonal and dendritic morphologies. We also describe other tectal neurons labeled by the present injections. J. Comp. Neurol. 499:546–564, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.