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BioEssays
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PubMed Central
Article . 2009
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BioEssays
Article . 2009 . Peer-reviewed
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BioEssays
Article . 2009
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Gene networks and liar paradoxes

Authors: Isalan, M;

Gene networks and liar paradoxes

Abstract

AbstractNetwork motifs are small patterns of connections, found over‐represented in gene regulatory networks. An example is the negative feedback loop (e.g. factor A represses itself). This opposes its own state so that when ‘on’ it tends towards ‘off’ – and vice versa. Here, we argue that such self‐opposition, if considered dimensionlessly, is analogous to the liar paradox: ‘This statement is false’. When ‘true’ it implies ‘false’ – and vice versa. Such logical constructs have provided philosophical consternation for over 2000 years. Extending the analogy, other network topologies give strikingly varying outputs over different dimensions. For example, the motif ‘A activates B and A. B inhibits A’ can give switches or oscillators with time only, or can lead to Turing‐type patterns with both space and time (spots, stripes or waves). It is argued here that the dimensionless form reduces to a variant of ‘The following statement is true. The preceding statement is false’. Thus, merely having a static topological description of a gene network can lead to a liar paradox. Network diagrams are only snapshots of dynamic biological processes and apparent paradoxes can reveal important biological mechanisms that are far from paradoxical when considered explicitly in time and space.

Country
United Kingdom
Keywords

Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Deception, PREDICTION, Physiological, feedback, Models, Biological, MECHANISMS, 17 Psychology And Cognitive Sciences, MOTIFS, Models, oscillator, Problems and Paradigms, Animals, Humans, PROTEIN INTERACTION NETWORK, Gene Regulatory Networks, Biology, Feedback, Physiological, Science & Technology, TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION, TOGGLE SWITCH, systems biology, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, 06 Biological Sciences, Biological, RHYTHMS, BIOLOGICAL PATTERN-FORMATION, ESCHERICHIA-COLI, gene network, liar paradox, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Developmental Biology, Signal Transduction

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
21
Top 10%
Top 10%
Top 10%
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