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Advanced Materials Technologies
Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY NC ND
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PubMed Central
Article . 2025
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Thermal Annealing Enhances Piezoelectricity and Regenerative Potential of PVDF‐TrFE Nanofiber Scaffolds

Authors: Maksym Krutko; Holly M. Poling; Maulee Sheth; Supasek Kongsomros; Andrew E. Bryan; Manju Sharma; Akaljot Singh; +6 Authors

Thermal Annealing Enhances Piezoelectricity and Regenerative Potential of PVDF‐TrFE Nanofiber Scaffolds

Abstract

Abstract This study investigates bioelectric stimulation's role in tissue regeneration by enhancing the piezoelectric properties of tissue‐engineered grafts using annealed poly(vinylidene fluoride‐trifluoroethylene) (PVDF‐TrFE) scaffolds. Annealing at temperatures of 80, 100, 120, and 140 °C is assessed for its impact on material properties and physiological utility. Analytical techniques such as Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier‐Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and X‐ray Diffraction (XRD) reveal increased crystallinity with higher annealing temperatures, peaking in β‐phase content and crystallinity at 140 °C. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) shows that 140 °C annealed scaffolds have enhanced lamellar structures, increased porosity, and maximum piezoelectric response. Mechanical tests indicate that 140 °C annealing improved elastic modulus, tensile strength, and substrate stiffness, aligning these properties with physiological soft tissues. In vitro assessments in Schwann cells demonstrate favorable responses, with increased cell proliferation, contraction, and extracellular matrix attachment. Additionally, genes linked to extracellular matrix production, vascularization, and calcium signaling are upregulated. The foreign body response in C57BL/6 mice, evaluated through Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and Picrosirius Red staining, shows no differences between scaffold groups, supporting the potential for future functional evaluation of the annealed group in tissue repair.

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    influence
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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
7
Top 10%
Average
Top 10%
Green
hybrid