It is one of the ultimate goals in cell biology to understand the complex spatio–temporal interplay of biomolecules in the cellular context. To this end, there have been great efforts on the development of various probes to detect and localize specific biomolecules in cells with a variety of microscopic imaging techniques. In this Research News, we first summarize several types of microscopy for visualizing specific biomolecular targets. Then we focus on recent advances in the design of X‐ray sensitive nanoprobes for applications in synchrotron‐based cellular imaging. With the availability of advanced synchrotron techniques, there has been rapid progress toward high‐resolution and multi‐color X‐ray imaging in cells with various types of functional nanoprobes.