NANOSTRUCTURED ELECTRODES WITH UNIQUE PROPERTIES FOR BIOLOGICAL AND OTHER APPLICATIONS Introduction High Surface Area Electrodes Catalytic Properties Exploiting Nanoscale Control to Interface Electrodes with Biomolecules Switchable Surfaces Conclusions ELECTROCHEMICALLY ACTIVE POLYELECTROLYTE-MODIFIED ELECTRODES Introduction Structure Electrochemical Response Dynamics of Solvent and Ion Exchange Molecular Description of Redox Polyelectrolyte-Modified Electrodes Applications Conclusions ELECTROCHEMISTRY ON CARBON-NANOTUBE-MODIFIED SURFACES Introduction Structure and Properties of Carbon Nanotubes Towards the Design of CNT-Modified Electrodes Electrochemical Applications of CNT Electrodes Conclusions and Future Prospects ELECTROCHEMISTRY OF ELECTROACTIVE SURFACE-IMMOBILIZED NANOPARTICLES Introduction Synthetic Approaches and Characterization Immobilization Schemes Metal Oxides Other Metal Oxides and Metal Sulfides Prussian Blue and Its Derivatives Concluding Remarks STRUCTURE, ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND APPLICATIONS OF SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS OF THIOLS Introduction Structural Aspects of Thiol-Like SAMs Reductive Desorption of SAMs Metal Deposition on SAM-Modified Electrodes Summary and Outlook