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От семы — через доминантный признак — к прототипу

Authors: Norman, B.;

От семы — через доминантный признак — к прототипу

Abstract

The article deals with the correlation of semantic features in the structure of lexical meaning. We compare advantages and disadvantages of component analysis (theories of A. Wierzbicka, I. Melchuk et al.). We identify dominant features, which constitute together the main (prototypical) meaning of the word. Prototypical semantics is considered as a part of naive (everyday) worldview. Thanks to semantic prototypes in particular, a system of mental categories is formed. Dominant features are identified on the basis of practical social experience, much of them of sensory, image nature. We offer examples of personal characteristics made according to individual distinctive features, including the results of creative activity (such as “Mark Twain is Tom Sawyer”). Language patterns used for this purpose are systematized. From this standpoint we analyse the practice of word interpretation in Russian language dictionaries. It is shown that the lexicographical tradition represents a compromise between the scientific (conceptual, encyclopedic) definition of meaning and its naive language (everyday) explanation. The interpretation of the word milk in Russian language dictionaries is taken as an example and analysed in details. We also examine the names of kinds of furniture, utensils, certain plants, etc.

В статье рассматривается соотношение семантических признаков в структуре лексического значения. Сравниваются достоинства и недостатки компонентного анализа (теории А. Вежбицкой, И. Мельчука и др.). Выделяются доминантные признаки, которые в совокупности составляют основное (прототипическое) значение слова. Прототипическая семантика трактуется как часть наивной (обыденной) картины мира. Именно благодаря семантическим прототипам формируется система мыслительных категорий. Доминантные признаки выделяются на основе практического опыта общества, многие из них имеют сенсорный, образный характер. Приводятся примеры характеристики человека через его отдельные дифференциальные признаки, в том числе через результаты его творчества (типа «Марк Твен — это Том Сойер»). Систематизируются языковые конструкции, которые используются для данной цели. Анализируется с этой точки зрения практика толкования слов в словарях русского языка. Показано, что лексикографическая традиция представляет собою компромисс между научным (понятийным, энциклопедическим) определением значения и его наивно-языковым (обыденным) объяснением. В качестве примера подробно анализируется толкование в словарях русского слова молоко. Рассматриваются также названия видов мебели, посуды, некоторых растений и др.

Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда (проект № 16-18-02005).

Keywords

LEXICAL MEANING, ПОНЯТИЕ, ЛЕКСИКОГРАФИЯ, COMPONENT ANALYSIS, DOMINANT SEME, КОМПОНЕНТНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ, LEXICOGRAPHY, НАИВНАЯ КАРТИНА МИРА, CONCEPT, ДОМИНАНТНАЯ СЕМА, СЕМАНТИКА ПРОТОТИПОВ, PROTOTYPE SEMANTICS, NAIVE WORLDVIEW, ЛЕКСИЧЕСКОЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЕ

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
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