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Наследственный рак молочной железы: генетическая и клиническаягетерогенность, молекулярная диагностика, хирургическая профилактика в группах риска

Наследственный рак молочной железы: генетическая и клиническаягетерогенность, молекулярная диагностика, хирургическая профилактика в группах риска

Abstract

На долю наследственных форм приходится 5-10 % случаев рака молочной железы, 30 % из них обусловлены мутациями в генах BRCA1/2 (синдром наследственного рака молочной железы/рака яичников). Средние кумулятивные риски для носителей мутаций в гене BRCA1 достигают 87 % в отношении развития рака молочной железы и 44 % в отношении развития рака яичников. Высок риск контралатерального рака молочной железы: при манифестации первичной опухоли у носителей мутаций в гене BRCA1 в возрасте до 40 лет он составляет 62,9 %. Активно изучается роль однонуклеотидных полиморфизмов, модифицирующих риск развития рака молочной железы и других опухолей женской репродуктивной системы у носителей мутаций в генах BRCA1/2. Молекулярная диагностика проводится в рамках медико-генетического консультирования. Основными показаниями для генетического тестирования являются онкологически отягощенный семейный анамнез, рак молочной железы у женщин в молодом возрасте (до 3550 лет), рак яичников, рак молочной железы у мужчин, морфологические особенности рака молочной железы (трижды негативные, медуллярные опухоли), этническая принадлежность (ашкеназские евреи). В группах высокого генетического риска проводятся профилактические химиотерапевтические и хирургические мероприятия. Показана высокая эффективность профилактических операций в отношении развития рака молочной железы и рака яичников. Двусторонняя профилактическая мастэктомия снижает риск развития рака молочной железы на 90-94 %.

5-10 % of breast cancer cases are hereditary, 30 % of them are caused by BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations (breast/ovarian cancer syndrome). Average cumulative risks of breast and ovarian cancer in BRCA1 mutation carriers run up to 87 % and 44 %, correspondingly. The risk for contralateral breast cancer is also high: after 25 years, 62.9 % of patients with BRCA1 mutation who were younger than 40 years of age at first breast cancer develop contralateral breast cancer. The role of single nucleotide polymorphisms in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes modifying breast and gynaecological cancer risks is actively studied. Genetic testing is performed as a part of genetic counselling. The main inclusion criteria are multiple affected family members with breast/ovarian cancer, breast cancer at young age (under 35-50 years), ovarian cancer at any age, male breast cancer, morphological features of breast cancer (triple-negative, medullar tumors), ethnicity (Jewish ancestry). High-risk individuals carrying BRCA mutations undergo specific surveillance, chemoprophylaxis and surgery protocols. Prophylactic bilateral mastectomy reduces breast cancer risk by 90-94 %.

Keywords

НАСЛЕДСТВЕННЫЙ РАК МОЛОЧНОЙ ЖЕЛЕЗЫ, НАСЛЕДСТВЕННЫЙ РАК ЯИЧНИКОВ, МУТАЦИЯ, ОДНОНУКЛЕОТИДНЫЙ ПОЛИМОРФИЗМ, МЕДИКО-ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКОЕ КОНСУЛЬТИРОВАНИЕ, МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯ ДИАГНОСТИКА, ПРОФИЛАКТИЧЕСКАЯ МАСТЭКТОМИЯ, ПРОФИЛАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ОВАРИЭКТОМИЯ

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
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