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Восприятие деятельности кооперативных организаций крестьянством Западного региона России в 1920-е гг

Восприятие деятельности кооперативных организаций крестьянством Западного региона России в 1920-е гг

Abstract

The article is devoted to the perception of cooperative organizations by the peasantry of Western Russia in the 1920s. The characteristics of villagers’ attitudes to cooperation are studied by the author using archival material of the Bryansk, Kaluga and Smolensk gubernias, which contributes to the objectivity and credibility of the outcome of scientific conclusions and inferences. It should be noted that in the given period, cooperative organizations gradually became a part of the Soviet state machinery. This was expressed in the almost total subordination of cooperations to government structures and in the lack of real control from the side of the population. Despite this, the plans for the development of cooperative structures in the 1920s found notable support in the villages of the Western region. In letters, peasants of ten noted the successes of the pre-revolutionary cooperative organizations, which continued to work successfully in Soviet times. A positive influence on the development of cooperation was provided by the increasing public role of women in society, which was common for the 1920s, As a rule, the peasants understood and evaluated the cooperation in a positive light, but there were also negative reviews. In most cases, they were associated with a lack of efficiency in terms of competition with private trading and combating inflation. In real life state cooperative structures were of ten less economically competitive than private traders. In addition, the peasants expressed dissatisfaction with the predominance of administrative-command trends in the management of cooperative organizations.

Статья посвящена рассмотрению особенностей восприятия крестьянством Западного региона России 1920-х гг. деятельности кооперативных организаций. Специфика отношения жителей деревни к кооперации изучается автором на архивном материале Брянской, Смоленской и Калужской губерний, что способствует объективности и достоверности итоговых научных выводов и умозаключений. Необходимо отметить, что в указанный период кооперативные организации постепенно превращались в часть советского государственного механизма. Это выражалось практически в полном подчинении кооперации государственным структурам и отсутствии реального контроля со стороны населения. Несмотря на это, планы развития кооперативных структур в 1920-е гг. получали в деревне Западного региона опору и достаточно сильную поддержку. В крестьянских письмах часто отмечались примеры успешной деятельности дореволюционных кооперативных организаций, продолжающих успешно работать и в советское время. Позитивное влияние на развитие кооперации оказывало и усиление женской общественной активности, которое было характерным явлением для 1920-х гг. Как правило, крестьяне понимали и оценивали деятельность кооперации позитивно, однако негативные отзывы также имели место. В большинстве случаев они были связаны с недостаточной эффективностью работы в плане конкуренции с частной торговлей и борьбе с инфляцией. В реальной жизни государственные кооперативные структуры часто проигрывали экономическое соревнование с индивидуальными торговцами. Кроме этого, недовольство крестьян вызывало преобладание административно-командных тенденций в управлении кооперативными организациями.

Keywords

КРЕСТЬЯНСТВО, ЗАПАДНЫЙ РЕГИОН РОССИИ, КООПЕРАТИВНЫЕ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ, КОНКУРЕНЦИЯ, ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ, СПЕКУЛЯЦИЯ

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
gold