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Адаптация гидробионтов к существованию в условиях высоких широт

Адаптация гидробионтов к существованию в условиях высоких широт

Abstract

The adaptations of aquatic organisms to high latitudes are primarily concerned with an adjustment to low temperatures and seasonal changes in illumination, including an alternation of Polar Night and Day. The adaptations always involve multiple aspects and levels from the molecular to the behavioural. The most important adaptations to low temperatures are: the movement of water from the intracellular to the extracellular compartments, so that the molecular weight of the intracellular fluid increases and its freezing point shifts downwards, preventing intracellular freezing, ensured by the synthesis of anti-freeze compounds; the transition from saturated to unsaturated fatty acids, which is a critical mechanism for the membrane lipids functioning; as well as the synthesis of more flexible proteins. The most crucial component of the algae adaptation is their variable thermal resistance and an increase in the content of photosynthetic pigments as the daylight duration decreases. The reserves necessary for survival during the Polar Night are accumulated in the summer season. Cryoflora adaptations are studied. Some essential adaptations occur in oogenesis. The synthesis of fats in the yolk increases considerably, enabling a transition from the primitive ontogeny in the larval stage to a more advanced, direct ontogeny, which meets the conditions of high latitudes better. An asynchronous type of oogenesis remains during the transition from multiple to single spawning.

Адаптация гидробионтов к условиям высоких широт в первую очередь предусматривает приспособление к низким температурам и к сезонному изменению освещенности к полярным ночи и дню. Адаптации всегда комплексные и многоуровневые от молекулярного и до поведенческого. Важнейшими адаптациями к низким температурам являются вытеснение внутриклеточной воды в эксцеллюлярное пространство, что ведет к повышению молекулярного веса внутриклеточной жидкости и снижению ее точки замерзания; предотвращение образования внутриклеточного льда, что обеспечивается выработкой соответствующих антифризов; переход насыщенных жирных кислот в ненасыщенные важный механизм функционирования мембранных липидов, а также синтез более гибких белков. Важнейший компонент адаптаций у водорослей это непостоянство их терморезистентности, увеличение фотообразующих пигментов при сокращении светового дня. Накопление за летний период необходимых резервных элементов для существования в условиях полярной ночи. Рассматриваются приспособления у криофлоры. Адаптации обнаруживаются и в оогенезе. В желтке значительно увеличивается количество жира, что делает возможным переход от примитивного личиночного развития к более совершенному прямому, лучше отвечающему условиям высоких широт. Сохранение асинхронного типа оогенеза при переходе от многократного нереста к однократному.

Keywords

АДАПТАЦИЯ, ВЫСОКИЕ ШИРОТЫ, ГИДРОБИОНТЫ, ТЕРМОРЕЗИСТЕНТНОСТЬ, НИЗКИЕ ТЕМПЕРАТУРЫ, АНТИФРИЗЫ, ЖИРНЫЕ КИСЛОТЫ, ЛИПИДЫ, ЯЙЦЕКЛЕТКИ, ПРЯМОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
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