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Кровли памятников новгородской архитектуры домонгольского времени

Кровли памятников новгородской архитектуры домонгольского времени

Abstract

The main aim of this article is to compare the results of restoration research of the roofs of Novgorodian buildings of the 11th first half of the 13th century, the types of gutters and the mortises for the crosses with the evidence of written sources. Only thirteen monuments of Novgorodian architecture of the 11th first half of the 13 th century saved the traces of the roofings. The results of restoration research show the similarity of the building materials and constructive elements used for the roofi ngs at that time. Lead was the main roofing material for the Novgorodian buildings of Pre-Mongolian period. The lead roofi ng consisted of thin plates, which were nailed exactly to the smooth layer of mortar, lying on the vaults. The traces of nails, the nails themselves and the drops of lead were found in this layer of mortar. Many fires and rebuilding of roofi ngs caused the loss of the majority of lead plates. The evidence of chronicles also proved that the churches of Pre-Mongolian period were covered with lead roofs. Although it is very solid and persistent to the rain and sun, the lead roofing has one drawback: it cannot survive fi re. St Sophia cathedral in Novgorod could have been originally covered by tiles, but it is possible, that the lead roofing could exist from the time of the building of the church. Grigoriy Shtender thought that the Transfiguration church on Nereditsa hill and St Parasceva church in Novgorod had wooden roofs, which were laid on the roof timbers. The analysis of the restoration data shows that these churches could also have the lead roofi ngs. The layout of gutters is closely connected with the type of roofings. The halves of the logs with the 35-40 cm diameter were used for the gutters. The types of the fastening of the crosses, which stood in the middle of the dome, can rarely be traced. The mortise of conical shape can be found in the centre of the dome. The cross was placed in this mortise and fastened by lime slabs.

В статье рассматривается информация о кровлях 13 памятников новгородской архитектуры домонгольского времени летописные сведения и данные, полученные в ходе реставрационных работ. Внимательное изучение отдельных конструктивных и декоративных элементов средневековых построек неизбежно должно предварять формальный анализ памятников архитектуры, поскольку исследования строительной техники и технологии помогают приблизиться к пониманию причин, по которым в постройке использованы те или иные архитектурные формы. Важным элементом композиции здания, значительно влияющим на создание цельного художественного образа, является его кровля. В то же время кровли часто переделывают, ремонтируют, поэтому о конструкциях завершений средневековых построек сохраняются нередко лишь отрывочные сведения. Реконструкции памятников древнерусской архитектуры подчас показывают, исходя из неких общих представлений, как перекрывались храмы в определенное время. Цель данной публикации рассмотреть сведения письменных источников о кровлях новгородских храмов домонгольского времени и данные натурных исследований, проведенных в 1950-1980-е гг. новгородскими и петербургскими реставраторами. В статье также затронуты проблемы устройства архитектурных элементов, непосредственно связанных с завершением церковной постройки, приводятся сведения о деревянных водометах, располагавшихся на крышах храмов, и о креплениях для купольных крестов. Изученный материал позволяет прийти к выводу, что основным материалом для кровель в это время являлся свинец.

Keywords

ДРЕВНЕРУССКАЯ АРХИТЕКТУРА,ДОМОНГОЛЬСКАЯ РУСЬ,КРОВЛИ,СВИНЦОВЫЕ ПОКРЫТИЯ,НОВГОРОД ВЕЛИКИЙ,ТЕХНОЛОГИИ СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА,OLD RUSSIAN ARCHITECTURE,PRE-MONGOL RUS',ROOFS,LEAD ROOFS,NOVGOROD THE GREAT,THE CONSTRUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
bronze