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Философское наследие Фридриха Ницше и теология «Смерти Бога»

Философское наследие Фридриха Ницше и теология «Смерти Бога»

Abstract

The present article deals with the problem of crisis of Christian consciousness ex-emplified in 1960s by the emergence of the so-called Death of God Theology, a highly controversial project in American protestant thought. The leaders of this movement had their views influenced by the reflection on the destiny of Christianity in the work of the great philosophers and theologians of the second half of the 19th first half of the 20th century, such as Nietzsche, Kierkegaard, Dostoevsky, Karl Barth, Paul Tillich and Dietrich Bonhoeffer. After witnessing in the wake of World War II the loss of credit suffered by both Catholic and Protestant Churches both of which, openly or tacitly, supported the fascist regimes, the exponents of Death of God Theology came up with the idea of a “Post-Christian Era”. In heir attempt to provide answers to the religious and philosophical questions the postwar generation was putting, they offered a particular interpretation of Nietzsche's thesis that “God is dead”. Universally recognizing Nietzsche's critique of Christianity as justifiable and accepting Bonhoeffer's concept of “non-religious Christianity”, they raised the problem of the very possibility of speaking about God in a secular world. Like the representatives of many other trends in theology that emerged during the same period in the West, theologians of the Death of God school endeavoured to “rescue Christ from oblivion” by way of developing theories of “kenotic Christology”, Thomas Altizer's “Christian atheism” being the most original contribution among these. As a radical anti-Trinitarian, Altizer understood the “death of God” in Christ as a leveling of the transcendental; following Nietzsche, he argued that Jesus Christ had found the “real life”, whereas the Church “deified Nothing”. Seeing as Nietzsche, speaking of the “death of God”, meant “the end of Christianity”, radical theologians strove to detect the presence of Christ in the midst of the secular world, i. e., outside the “religious forms”, thus evidencing the unprecedented theological and ideological transformations.

Предлагаемая статья посвящена проблеме кризиса христианского сознания, яркой иллюстрацией которого в 60-е гг. ХХ в. стало появление такого парадоксального проекта американской протестантской мысли, как теология «смерти Бога». Идейное становление его лидеров определено размышлениями о судьбе христианства крупнейших философов и богословов второй половины XIX первой половины XX вв., среди которых Ф.Ницше, С.Кьеркегор, Ф.М.Достоевский, К.Барт, П.Тиллих, Д.Бонхёффер. Столкнувшись после Второй мировой войны с дискредитацией как католической, так и протестантских церквей, открыто или молчаливо поддержавших фашистские режимы, лидеры теологии «смерти Бога» выступили с концепцией «пост-христианской эры». Они по-своему пытались истолковать ницшеанский тезис «Бог умер», чтобы дать ответ на религиозно-мировоззренческие запросы послевоенного поколения. Все они признавали, что ницшеанская критика христианства является оправданной, и, обращаясь к концепции «безрелигиозного христианства» Д.Бонхёффера, ставили вопрос о самой возможности разговора о Боге в светском мире. Подобно многим другим теологическим направлениям, возникшим в этот период в западных странах, теологи школы «смерти Бога» пытались «спасти от забвения» Христа, разрабатывая концепции «кенотической христологии», среди которых самым оригинальным явился проект «христианского атеизма» Т.Дж. Дж.Олтайзера. Будучи радикальным антитринитарием, он понимал «смерть Бога» во Христе как нивелирование трансцендентного, и вслед за Ницше обосновывал, что Иисусом Христом была обрете-на «подлинная жизнь», тогда как церковью «обожествлено Ничто». Таким образом, поскольку Ницше, говоря о «смерти Бога», подразумевал «конец христианства», радикальные теологи пытались обнаружить присутствие Христа в средоточии секулярного мира, т. е. вне «религиозных форм», что свидетельствовало о беспрецедентных теологических и мировоззренческих трансформациях.

Keywords

"БОГ УМЕР",ТЕОЛОГИЯ "СМЕРТИ БОГА",DEATH OF GOD THEOLOGY,"ПОСТ-ХРИСТИАНСКАЯ ЭРА",РАДИКАЛЬНАЯ ХРИСТИАНСКАЯ ТЕОЛОГИЯ,CHRISTIAN RADICAL THEOLOGY,"ХРИСТИАНСКИЙ АТЕИЗМ",БОГОЯВЛЕНИЕ,"БЕЗРЕЛИГИОЗНОЕ ХРИСТИАНСТВО",КЕНОТИЧЕСКАЯ ХРИСТОЛОГИЯ,KENOTIC CHRISTOLOGY,"АНТИХРИСТ",ЭТИКА ОТВЕТСТВЕННОСТИ,ETHICS OF RESPONSIBILITY,"ВЕЧНОЕ ВОЗВРАЩЕНИЕ",GOD IS DEAD,POST-CHRISTIAN ERA,CHRISTIAN ATHEISM,EPIPHANY OF CHRIST,RELIGIONLESS CHRISTIANITY,NIETZSCHE'S ANTICHRIST,ETERNAL RECURRENCE

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
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