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Кто отвечал за воспитание детей в XIX В. ? Представления А. И. Чихачева о воспитании как о службе государству

Кто отвечал за воспитание детей в XIX В. ? Представления А. И. Чихачева о воспитании как о службе государству

Abstract

Andrej Ivanovich Chikhachev (1798-1875) was a middling provincial landowner who left an unusually rich archive of personal papers. Many of these addressed education and upbringing of children (vospitanie), which Chikhachev understood as a nobleman’s primary role, as his duty, and even as a form of service to the state. This role was defi ned in contrast to a maternal role restricted to “nurturing” (providing for children and family materially through management of the household, but also of entire estates and their finances at least in some cases). The masculine role as vospitatel’ was understood by Chikhachev as an intellectual endeavor, and as an ideal form of service to the state, even the most important form of state service that was available to most nobles after their emancipation in 1762 from obligatory, formal state service, because for Chikhachev vospitanie was the only means of instilling moral conscientiousness in the Russian people (nobles and peasants alike), and fighting what he saw as the destructive influences of the city and secularism. Chikhachev’s newspaper articles attempted to articulate some of these views on behalf of the middling provincial nobility, emphasizing the crucial signifi cance of vospitanie and education for any improvement of Russia’s troubled agriculture and for the rural reform in general. However, the dominant, capital-based intellectual and political discourse failed to take heed of the provincial views. Chikhachev’s notions never became the predominant voice in later developments in Russian education, but some of his views survived and were shared by the early generations of professional educators that appeared in the late 19 th century, for example, his emphasis on the importance of a strong parental role in education.

Шуйский помещик «средней руки» А. И. Чихачев (1798-1875) оставил после себя необычайно богатый личный архив. С большим интересом Чихачев занимался вопросами воспитания, которое он понимал как основное занятие дворянина, его обязанность. Деятельность дворянина-воспитателя противопоставлялась им материнскому «вскормлению», т. е. обеспечению детей всем необходимым, включавшему в себя не только ведение домашнего хозяйства, но в некоторых случаях и управление всем имением и семейными финансами. Мужская роль в процессе воспитания понималась Чихачевым как интеллектуальное занятие, олицетворение идеала службы государству, а также ее важнейшая разновидность, ставшая доступной для дворян как следствие Манифеста о вольности дворянства 1762 г. Для Чихачева надлежащее воспитание детей стало единственным способом привить нравственные добродетели русскому народу в целом (как дворянам, так и крестьянам), а также противодействовать разрушительным, по его мнению, влияниям городской культуры и секуляризма. В газетных статьях он стремился выразить свои идеи как часть мировоззрения небогатого поместного дворянства, подчеркивая особое значение воспитания и образования молодежи для преодоления трудностей сельского хозяйства в России и для аграрных реформ в целом. Однако доминировавший в то время столичный политический и интеллектуальный дискурс в целом просто не заметил эти голоса из провинции. Воззрения, схожие со взглядами Чихачева, так и не стали преобладающими в ходе дальнейшего развития образования в России, но некоторые из них все же нашли отражение в деятельности первых генераций профессиональных педагогов конца XIX в., которые, в частности, придавали особое значение роли родителей в образовательном процессе.

Keywords

ЧИХАЧЕВ АНДРЕЙ ИВАНОВИЧ, ВЛАДИМИРСКАЯ ГУБЕРНИЯ, ЗЕМЛЕДЕЛЬЧЕСКАЯ ГАЗЕТА, ВЛАДИМИРСКИЕ ГУБЕРНСКИЕ ВЕДОМОСТИ, МОСКОВСКОЕ ОБЩЕСТВО СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА, ТЕЙКОВО, ПОМЕСТНОЕ ДВОРЯНСТВО, КРЕПОСТНОЕ ПРАВО, ВОСПИТАНИЕ, ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ, ГОСУДАРСТВЕННАЯ СЛУЖБА, МАНИФЕСТ О ВОЛЬНОСТИ ДВОРЯНСТВА 1762 Г, ПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВО, ВЕЛИКИЕ РЕФОРМЫ, ПРОСВЕЩЕНИЕ, ИНТЕЛЛИГЕНЦИЯ, ПЕРИОДИКА, РЕЦЕПЦИЯ ИДЕЙ, ГЕНДЕР, МУЖЕСТВЕННОСТЬ, ПРАВОСЛАВИЕ, ДЕТСТВО, ZEMLEDEL’CHESKAYA GAZETA

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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