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Демографические последствия Великой отечественной войны

Демографические последствия Великой отечественной войны

Abstract

75 years have passed since the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, yet its demographic consequences, felt by Russia throughout all of this time, even now have not been completely overcome. The article traces the fate of the generations who fought (those born between 1890-1926), using general census data starting with the 1939 census. It is shown that 82% of women and only 53% of men registered in the 1939 census survived until 1959. The resulting gender imbalance caused a sharp increase in the proportion of single women as a result of widowhood, and due to a shortage of suitors in the marriage market the share of non-marital births increased significantly. The war set in motion an oscillating cycle of the annual number of births which continues to this day. A relatively small number of deaths in the postwar decades, due to the fact that a huge number of people killed during the war did not live to a normal age of death, created the illusion of a safe balance of births and deaths in the 1970’s-1980's. Cyclical fluctuations in the size of generations induced by the war resulted in a wave-like dynamics of the working population and demographic burden, complicating the functioning of the labor market and the implementation of economic and social programs, effects which are felt even in our day, for example, in the dynamics of pension contingents. The author discusses the reasons for the huge military losses and suggests that if the war had not been preceded by erroneous decisions of the country’s political leaders, these losses could have been much smaller.

С начала Великой Отечественной войны прошло 75 лет. На протяжении всего этого времени Россия ощущала демографические последствия войны, они не полностью изжиты и сейчас. На основе данных всеобщих переписей населения, начиная с переписи 1939 г., в статье прослеживается судьба воевавших поколений (1890-1926 годов рождения), показано, что до 1959 г. дожило 82% зарегистрированных переписью 1939 г. женщин из этих поколений и всего 53% мужчин. Образовавшийся гендерный дисбаланс стал причиной резкого увеличения доли одиноких женщин как вследствие овдовения, так и вследствие дефицита женихов на брачном рынке; значительно увеличилась доля внебрачных рождений. Война запустила цикл колебаний годовых чисел рождений, которые продолжаются до сих пор. Относительно небольшое число смертей в послевоенные десятилетия, обусловленное тем, что огромное число погибших во время войны не дожили до нормального срока своей смерти, создавало иллюзию благополучного баланса рождений и смертей в 1970-е–1980-е годы. Порожденные войной циклические колебания численности поколений обусловили волнообразную динамику трудоспособного населения и демографической нагрузки, усложнив функционирование рынка труда и реализацию экономических и социальных программ, что также ощущается и в наши дни, например в динамике пенсионных контингентов. Автор обсуждает причины огромных военных потерь и высказывает мнение, что если бы войне не предшествовали ошибочные решения политического руководства страны, эти потери могли быть намного меньшими.

Keywords

воевавшие поколения, военные потери, последствия войны, цена победы, гендерный дисбаланс

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
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Average