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image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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Football as an instrument for sustaining ethnic separatism, terrorism and violence

Authors: Yaprak Kemaloğlu, Pınar;

Football as an instrument for sustaining ethnic separatism, terrorism and violence

Abstract

The field of sport is usually cited for its developmental aspects; even when it is about thefootball with its complex “commercial first” structures, relatively manipulated massparticipations -whether passive or active, and deviations (hooliganism, hegemonic toxicmasculinity, match-fixing, inequality in the distribution of resources, etc.) that outgrew its “justfor public profit” essence, maybe unlike any other sports and activities cited for development.Especially the sociology of sport and leisure scholars, have been dealing with those deviantaspects of sports fields, since at least 1964 in internationally organized ways in addition totheir personal efforts. However, terrorism, has never been a mainstream issue while it couldbe in the context of ethnic (separatism) issues, deviance or violence, etc.; as the gender,commercial or child exploitation, or disability issues have been. While the predicaments andgoals of development are society-specific, as Marx emphasized in the critical theory of socialdevelopment; terrorism through ethnic separatism, religious or leftist motivations, or in otherforms, the sustained and at times increased violence in this context, have been sitting in theheart of some of the nations, interfering with their development critically; notwithstanding,mostly placed aside in international sociology of sport and leisure debates. In this paper, Iapproach the issue not just in the “better late than never” sense, but especially in connectionwith the increasing observations of the use of sports, mostly football configurations inparticular and related manifestations as an instrument for terrorism, ethnic separatism andthe violence that gradually gets more complex to be identified with the bone fide viewpoints inpublic, thus, the share of social scientific inquiry and awareness raising are needed, globally.The ethnographic approach employed and publicly available data collected from socialmedia, related literature, online content, and from various events; this inquiry and discussionsmostly revolves around the Turkish experience, however, these experiences may resonate to somelive(d) experiences in different nations and communities. The literature suggests that theterrorism has been frequently used by colonialism as an instrument for the long-lastingdivisive colonial control. Türkiye, has never been colonized, and has served as a model forkeeping a relatively strong democratic, social state, and independent position in its specificconditions; though, the country experiences continuous challenges, “countering terrorism inall its forms and manifestations for decades” (Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, MFA,2022). Our efforts in a wide range of spheres for local and global development, operate withinand influenced by such conditions and challenges. In this context, this paper identifies andexplains the ways of terrorisms’ interests’ relative embodiment in some of the sport settingsthrough performed e.g. manifestations, manipulations, alternations, or deletions of theauthentic essence of the matter, focusing mostly on the football contexts influenced bycolonial-postmodernist-capitalist-terrorist (mis)interpretations... These cases show howfootball is today made beyond being just a sport or even a “soft instrument of culturalimperialism”, as it serves as a more proactive, progressive useful instrument and terrain e.g. forethnic separatism and aggravated ethno and other terrorisms and violence. The role of (social)science to research-distribute the wisdom out of knowledge in support of social development,construct and sustaining a just World with all dimensions is significant; the Current study representsa way of decoding the terrorism for these goals, as such efforts can serve to envision the risks,can be and inspire the ways of declaration to stop exploitations and manipulated constructbased on these exploitations.

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Turkey
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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
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