
Sinteza mikotoksina odvija se u specifičnim okolišnim uvjetima od kojih se temperatura, vlaga i CO2 navode kao ključni čimbenici za produkciju mikotoksina. Klimatske promjene te sve češći vremenski ekstremi značajno mijenjaju te čimbenike pa se posljedično narušavaju poznati obrasci kontaminacije plijesnima i sinteze mikotoksina na poljoprivrednim kulturama. Međutim, smatra se da će promjene povezane s kontaminacijom mikotoksikogenim plijesnima biti regionalne i usko u vezi s pojedinim vrstama plijesni, jer svaka vrsta ima svoje optimalne okolišne uvjete za rast i stvaranje toksičnih metabolita. Predviđa se da bi aflatoksini mogli postati učestali kontaminanti žitarica u Europi, a u tropskim predjelima moguće je izumiranje aflatoksikogenih plijesni zbog visokih temperatura. Za mikotoksikogene plijesni koje produciraju okratoksine, kao i za predstavnike roda Fusarium, također će biti izmijenjeni obrasci rasprostranjenosti i produkcije mikotoksina. Posebno zabrinjava porast prisutnosti plijesni F. graminearum, F. poae i F. langsethiae na žitaricama u sjevernoj i srednjoj Europi te posljedično kontaminacija tih usjeva deoksinivalenolom te T-2 i HT-2 toksinima. Pojavnost F. verticillioides i kontaminacija kukuruza fumonizinima bit će još više izražena na području južne Europe, kao i kontaminacija vina okratoksinima od plijesni A. carbonarius. S obzirom na očigledne klimatske promjene i posljedice koje one ostavljaju, nužna su daljnja istraživanja koja bi omogućila uspješno osmišljavanje strategija za prevenciju kontaminacije usjeva mikotoksinima u budućnosti.
Mycotoxin synthesis takes place in specific environmental conditions, where temperature, humidity, and CO2 are considered the key factors in mycotoxin production. Due to climate change and increasingly frequent weather extremes those factors significantly change, hence, the previously established patterns of mold contamination and mycotoxin synthesis in agricultural crops are disrupted. However, the changes in mycotoxigenic mold contamination are expected to have a regional character, closely dependent on individual mold species, as each species grows and synthesizes toxic metabolites at optimal environmental conditions. Aflatoxins are predicted to become frequent grain contaminants in Europe, whilst the aflatoxigenic molds could go extinct in the tropics due to high temperatures. Also, the distribution and mycotoxins synthesis patterns of mycotoxigenic molds that produce ochratoxins and the members of the Fusarium genus will be modified. The increased presence of the molds F. graminearum, F. poae, and F. langsethiae on grains in northern and central Europe and the consequent contamination of these crops with deoxynivalenol and T-2 and HT-2 toxins are particularly concerning. The occurrence of F. verticillioides and maize contamination with fumonisins will be even more pronounced in southern Europe, as well as the contamination of wine with ochratoxins produced by A. carbonarius. Given climate change and its consequences, further research is necessary to design strategies for preventing crop contamination with mycotoxins in the future.
mikotoksini, okolišni čimbenici, molds, environmental factors, mycotoxins, plijesni, poljoprivreda, agriculture
mikotoksini, okolišni čimbenici, molds, environmental factors, mycotoxins, plijesni, poljoprivreda, agriculture
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