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IEEE Access
Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY
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IEEE Access
Article . 2025
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Controlled Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithms for Multi-Objective Optimal Design of Standalone and Grid-Connected Renewable Energy Systems in Integrated Energy Sectors

Authors: Hamza El Hafdaoui; Ahmed Khallaayoun; Salah Al-Majeed;

Controlled Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithms for Multi-Objective Optimal Design of Standalone and Grid-Connected Renewable Energy Systems in Integrated Energy Sectors

Abstract

Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithms are recognized for their robustness and flexibility in optimizing renewable energy systems, surpassing traditional methods by handling multiple objectives and generating diverse Pareto-optimal solutions. However, inefficiencies due to random initial populations and mutations can impact processing times and error rates. This study introduces the controlled non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm, which enhances optimization with controlled population initialization and mutation mechanisms. Compared to the conventional non-dominated sorting genetic algorithms, the controlled version shows superior performance, achieving a 2.4% error reduction, a 117% lower task violation rate, and a 157% faster processing time at high energy demands. A case study in Ifrane, Morocco—a tourism village with significant seasonal energy demand—illustrates the application of the algorithm. Results show optimal scenarios for standalone and grid-connected systems, considering potential grid export opportunities. Standalone configurations generate 271 MWh surplus energy annually, with 15 MWh unmet demand, requiring 125 kW power converters. Real scenarios synchronize lower rated power with grid imports, reducing net present costs by 18% and levelized costs by 24%. Hypothetical scenarios demonstrate potential revenue generation with negative net present and levelized costs if export prices match import costs. Grid-connected and thermal energy storage systems are more cost-effective despite higher emissions.

Keywords

Multi-objective optimization, renewable energy sizing, renewable energies, standalone renewable energy systems, grid-connected renewable energy systems, Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, genetic algorithms, TK1-9971

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
2
Top 10%
Average
Average
gold