This reprint of the Special Issue “Food Analysis in the 21st Century: Challenges and Possibilities” presents eleven regular papers. The papers cover current topics in food analysis in the 21st century. The methods proposed are based on analytical techniques such as inductively coupled plasma or chromatographic approaches, used alone or combined with mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, electroanalytical techniques, and DNA-based methods. They have been applied to matrices as diverse as edible oils, dairy products, water, beverages, fruits, and saccharide-based foods for the determination of toxic substances, trace elements, and nutraceutical species. The aims include food characterization, food safety protection, food authentication or adulteration, and the determination of recreational substances of abuse. The use of advanced chemometric techniques has often been crucial in maximizing analytical information to achieve results in the classification and detection of species that evidence the adulteration or pollution of food productions. This volume wishes to be a valuable resource for all analytical chemists, particularly those interested in embarking on the challenging yet captivating journies in analytical food chemistry.