Objectives: This paper aims to assess the agricultural ecological and economic efficiency of the Yangtze River Economic Belt by using the data envelopment analysis (DEA) model to evaluate the regional agricultural level. Methods: Relevant data from 11 provinces and cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2010 to 2020 was collected from statistical yearbooks. Then, the agricultural eco-efficiency and economic efficiency were evaluated using the slack-based measure (SBM) model in the DEA model. Findings: The evaluation result of agricultural eco-efficiency was consistently higher than that of ecological efficiency. From a regional perspective, the eco-efficiency of the downstream area was higher than that of the middle and upper reaches. From the perspective of group division, only Guizhou and Chongqing had a high eco-efficiency. Improvement: The findings suggest that the overall agricultural eco-efficiency in the Yangtze River Economic Belt is low, and there is still a large space for development. It is necessary to further reduce agricultural carbon emissions and non-point source pollution and improve agriculture through technological innovation and other means.