In the article the problems of the national economy development and the conditions of formation of nation’s independence are viewed. The main issues of F. List theory and their research at the works of S. Vitte are considered. Attention is paid to the importance of the development of the societies’ productive forces, system of basic values and headwork. Mission of the political economy and also its scientific and intellectual future, for the sustainable development of the civilized society are determined. The directions of the social and economic development of Ukrainian society are proposed.