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Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi
Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
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Visible Digital Image Watermarking Using Single Candidate Optimizer

Authors: Harun Akbulut;

Visible Digital Image Watermarking Using Single Candidate Optimizer

Abstract

With the advent of internet technologies, accessing information has become remarkably facile, while concurrently precipitating copyright conundrums. This predicament can be ameliorated by embedding copyright information within digital images, a methodology termed digital image watermarking. Artificial intelligence optimization algorithms are extensively employed in myriad problem-solving scenarios, yielding efficacious outcomes. This study proposes a visible digital image watermarking method utilizing the Single Candidate Optimizer (SCO). Contrary to many prevalent metaheuristic optimization algorithms, SCO, introduced in 2024, is not population-based. The fitness function of SCO is designed to maximize the resemblance between the watermarked image and both the host and watermark images. Experiments were conducted on images commonly utilized in image processing, and the results were evaluated using eight quality metrics. Additionally, the obtained numerical results were juxtaposed with those from well-known and widely-used genetic algorithms, differential evolution algorithms, and artificial bee colony optimization algorithms. The findings demonstrate that SCO outperforms the others in visible digital image watermarking. Furthermore, due to its non-population-based nature, SCO is significantly faster compared to its counterparts.

Keywords

digital image watermarking, Technology, metaheuristic optimization algorithms, Science (General), T, Science, Q, Single candidate optimizer;Digital image watermarking;Metaheuristic optimization algorithms, single candidate optimizer, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), Tek aday optimizasyon algoritması;dijital resim damgalama;meta-sezgisel optimizasyon algoritmaları, Makine Öğrenmesi Algoritmaları, tek aday optimizasyon algoritması, Machine Learning Algorithms, Q1-390, dijital resim damgalama, TA1-2040, meta-sezgisel optimizasyon algoritmaları

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
gold