Background: Over the past few decades, technological advancements have transformed invasive visual prostheses from theoreticalconcepts into real-world applications. However, functional outcomes remain limited, especially in visual acuity. This review aims tosummarize current developments in retinal and cortical prostheses (RCPs) and critically assess the role of artificial intelligence (AI) inadvancing these systems.Purpose: To describe current RCPs and provide a systematic review on image and signal processing algorithms designed forimproved clinical outcomes.Patients and Methods: We performed a systematic review of the literature related to AI subserving prosthetic vision, using mainlyPubMed, but also, Elicit, a dedicated AI-based reference research assistant. A total of 455 studies were screened on PubMed, of which23 were retained for inclusion. An additional 5 studies were identified and included through Elicit.Results: The analysis of current RCPs highlights various limitations affecting the quality of the visual flow provided by currentartificial vision. Indeed, the 28 reviewed studies on AI covered two applications for RCPs including extraction of saliency in cameracaptured images, and consistency between electrical stimulation and perceived phosphenes. A total of 14 out of 28 studies involved theuse of artificial neural networks, of which 12 included model training. Evaluation with data from a visual prosthesis was conducted in7 studies, including 1 that was prospectively assessed with a human RCP. Validation with empirical data from human or animal datawas performed in 22 out of 28 studies. Out of these, 15 were validated using simulated prosthetic vision. Finally, out of 22 studiesleveraging a mathematical model for phosphenes perception, 14 used a symmetrical oversimplified modeling.Conclusion: AI algorithms show promise in optimizing prosthetic vision, particularly through enhanced image saliency extractionand stimulation strategies. However, most current studies are based on simulations. Further development and validation in real-worldsettings, especially through clinical testing with blind patients, are essential to assess their true effectiveness