
handle: 11565/4075277
En el ordenamiento jurídico italiano existe una forma de comiso de ganancias ilícitas sin condena previa. Comúnmente conocida como confisca di prevenzione, esta medida fue introducida por el legislador en 1985, y actualmente está regulada en los artículos 16 y siguientes del Decreto Legislativo N° 159, de 6 de septiembre de 2011 (Código Antimafia). Esta forma de comiso, que se aplica fuera del proceso penal, afecta a bienes que se presume provienen de un delito, los cuales parecen excesivos e injustificados en atención a los ingresos declarados o actividad económica de la persona afectada, bajo el supuesto de que tales bienes son de origen ilícito. Aunque formalmente ha sido ubicada entre las medidas de prevención, resulta controvertido cuál sea su verdadera naturaleza jurídica, así como el estatuto de garantías aplicable. El presente trabajo plantea que el comiso sin condena previa previsto en el ordenamiento jurídico italiano, al igual que cualquier otro supuesto de comiso de ganancias ilícitas, constituye una medida de carácter no-punitivo, que simplemente busca retirar del control de una persona bienes que ella no tiene derecho a poseer, ya que fueron adquiridos de manera ilícita. Al no ser una pena, no resulta necesario aplicar los principios y garantías que rigen la materia penal, sino que, por el contrario, se deben aplicar las disposiciones constitucionales y convencionales que reconocen y protegen el derecho de propiedad. Estas consideraciones también son aplicables a la reciente figura de comiso sin condena previa en Chile, introducida por la Ley N° 21.577, que busca privar a las personas de los beneficios económicos obtenidos. The Italian law has provided for non-conviction-based confiscation since 1982. Commonly known as “confisca di prevenzione”, it is currently governed by Articles 16 et seq of the Legislative Decree N° 159/2011 (the so-called Italian “Anti-Mafia Code”). This measure is not part of a criminal case. It enables courts to confiscate property when its value is disproportionate to the lawful income of the owner and unjustified, based on the assumption that the property is of illicit origin. While formally qualified by the Italian legislator as a preventive measure, there is controversy surrounding the true legal nature of this form of forfeiture, as well as the constitutional and conventional guarantees applicable to it. This paper argues that the Italian non-conviction-based confiscation, along with other forms of forfeiture of illicit gains, is a non-punitive measure that simply removes from wrongdoers property they have no right to retain, in as far as such property was obtained illegally. Since it does not serve as a punishment, there is no need to enforce the principles and guarantees that govern criminal matters. Instead, the constitutional and conventional rules on the right to property should be applied.
NON-CONVICTION-BASED CONFISCATION, PREVENTIVE CONFISCATION, LEGAL NATURE, FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS / COMISO SIN CONDENA PREVIA, MEDIDA DE PREVENCIÓN, NATURALEZA JURÍDICA; DERECHOS FUNDAMENTALES
NON-CONVICTION-BASED CONFISCATION, PREVENTIVE CONFISCATION, LEGAL NATURE, FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS / COMISO SIN CONDENA PREVIA, MEDIDA DE PREVENCIÓN, NATURALEZA JURÍDICA; DERECHOS FUNDAMENTALES
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