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IEEE Access
Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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IEEE Access
Article . 2023
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QsecR: Secure QR Code Scanner According to a Novel Malicious URL Detection Framework

Authors: Ahmad Sahban Rafsanjani; Norshaliza Binti Kamaruddin; Hazlifah Mohd Rusli; Mohammad Dabbagh;

QsecR: Secure QR Code Scanner According to a Novel Malicious URL Detection Framework

Abstract

Malicious Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) are the major issue posed by cybersecurity threats. Cyberattackers spread malicious URLs to carry out attacks such as phishing and malware, which lead unsuspecting visitors into scams, resulting in monetary loss and information theft. The adoption of Quick Response (QR) codes with malicious URLs is a growing concern and is an open security issue. The existing QR link detection scanner applications mostly utilize the blacklist method to detect malicious URLs, which is not the optimal method for detecting new websites. Recently, machine learning methods have gained popularity as a means of enhancing the detection of malicious URLs. However, these methods are entirely data-dependent, and a large and updated dataset is required for the training to create an effective detection method. This research proposes QsecR, a secure and privacy-friendly QR code scanner, according to a malicious URL detection framework. QsecR is an Android QR code scanner based on predefined static feature classification by employing 39 classes of blacklist, lexical, host-based, and content-based features. A dataset containing 4000 real-world random URLs was gathered from URLhaus and PhishTank. The QsecR is evaluated by several QR code scanners in terms of security and privacy. The experimental result shows that QsecR outperforms others and achieves a detection accuracy of 93.50% and a precision value of 93.80%, which is significantly higher than the current secure QR code scanners. Also, QsecR is one of the most privacy-friendly application with the least privilege permission.

Keywords

T Technology (General), QR code scanner, malicious URL detection, privacy-friendly application, 005, Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, Android security, QR code security, TK1-9971

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
4
Top 10%
Average
Average
gold