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IEEE Access
Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY
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IEEE Access
Article . 2025
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Gradient-Based Algorithms With Intermediate Observations in Static and Differential Games

Authors: Mohammad Safayet Hossain; Marwan A. Simaan; Zhihua Qu;

Gradient-Based Algorithms With Intermediate Observations in Static and Differential Games

Abstract

In two-player static and differential games, strategic players often use available or delayed information about the other player’s decisions and solve an optimization or optimal control problem to determine their strategic choices. Without this information, the player’s ability to determine its optimal decisions becomes problematic. In this paper, we propose an approach in which each player implements an iterative discrete-time gradient-based algorithm that relies only on intermediate either current or prior observations about the other player’s actions. We explore the implementation of such gradient play algorithms in the case of non-zero-sum static games and in the more complex case of differential games. We discuss the properties of these algorithms with heterogeneous stepsizes and derive explicit necessary and sufficient conditions on the game parameters in the objective functions and stepsizes that guarantee convergence to the Nash equilibrium in static games with quadratic objective functions. Examples in both static and differential games are presented to illustrate the results.

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Keywords

Static games, differential games, Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, gradient-based minimization algorithms, Nash equilibrium, TK1-9971

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
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