Affordable transparent clustering solutions to scale non-HPC applications on commodity clusters (such as Terracotta) are emerging for Java Virtual Machines (JVMs). Working in this direction, we propose the Anaconda framework as a research platform to investigate the role Transactional Memory (TM) can play in this domain. Anaconda is a sof Tware transactional memory framework that supports clustering of multiple off-the-shelf JVMs on commodity clusters. The main focus of Anaconda is to investigate the implementation of Java synchronization primitives on clusters by relying on Transactional Memory. The traditional lock based Java primitives are replaced by memory transactions and the framework is responsible for ensuring transactional coherence. The contribution of this paper is to investigate which kind of TM coherency protocol can be used in this domain and compare the Anaconda framework against the state-of-the-art Terracotta clustering technology. Furthermore, Anaconda tracks TM conflicts at object granularity and provides distributed object replication and caching mechanisms. It supports existing TM coherence protocols while adding a novel decentralized protocol. The performance evaluation compares Anaconda against three existing TM protocols. Two of these are centralized, while the other is decentralized. In addition, we compare Anaconda against lock-based (coarse, medium grain) implementations of the benchmarks running on Terracotta. Anaconda's performance varies amongst benchmarks, outperforming by 40 to 70% existing TM protocols. Compared to Terracotta, Anaconda exhibits from 19x speedup to 10x slowdown depending on the benchmark's characteristics. © 2010 IEEE.