Chronic nonspecific low back pain (CNLBP) is one of the common diseases in orthopedics and rehabilitation medicine.Its high incidence, recurrence, and disability rates have driven ongoing efforts to deepen understanding of its pathophysiological mechanisms. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI), which reflects the intensity of neuronal activity to some extent, has unique advantages in investigating the central mechanisms of CNLBP. Various methods are used for rs-fMRI analysis, mainly including functional segregation and integration. Common methods for functional segregation mainly include amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) and regional homogeneity (ReHo). Common methods for functional integration mainly include seed-based functional connectivity analysis (SCA), independent component analysis (ICA), and graph theory-based complex brain network analysis. These methods each have distinct strengths but also inherent limitations.This review summarizes the specific applications of various rs-fMRI analytical approaches in studying the central mechanisms of CNLBP, discusses current research progress, and outlines future directions to advance neurobiological investigations of CNLBP. Dynamic rs-fMRI analysis methods provide supplementary information on the conduction and integration regulation of pain signals within the brain, which may be more suitable for explaining the complex and dynamic characteristics of pain, providing a new perspective for exploring the central neural mechanisms of CNLBP, and may be the direction of future research.