The article examines socio-territorial conflicts in geographic regions where peasant populations play a significant role. It presents a qualitative study of two cases located in distinct agro-ecological zones of the province of Jujuy (Puna and Umbral al Chaco) in the early 21st century. These conflicts unfold within peasant territories (both Creole and Indigenous) and manifest across multiple dimensions. In the Puna region, socio-territorial conflict arises from the expansion of large-scale open-pit metal mining within the communal territory of Cangrejillos. Meanwhile, in Umbral al Chaco, tensions stem from the expansion of soybean cultivation into the lands of Creole cattle-raising families and native forests. The study adopts an anthropological approach as its primary methodological framework. A comparative analysis of the collective strategies employed in territorial defense and reaffirmation provides insight into the complexity of these conflicts. These disputes create tensions between different territorialities — both material and symbolic — within broader structures of power and domination, activating various legislative frameworks that involve multiple levels of state intervention. The study’s findings are presented through cartographic materials and analytical tables, which suggest potential avenues for further research and contribute to a deeper understanding of these socio-territorial issues.