Although established in secondary prevention, the use of low-dose aspirin for primary cardiovascular prevention remains uncertain. We assessed the temporal trend of low-dose aspirin use in people at primary and secondary prevention over 14 years. We used data from the population-based CoLaus|PsyCoLaus study. A baseline survey was conducted from 2003 to 2006, involving 6,733 participants. The first and second follow-up investigations were performed from 2009 to 2012 and 2014 to 2017, respectively. Low-dose aspirin use was defined as ≤300 mg/daily oral administration or administration of an anticoagulant for similar indications. For primary prevention analysis, 6,555, 4,695, and 3,893 participants were included in the analysis at baseline, first and second follow-ups, respectively. Overall, low-dose aspirin use doubled between baseline (4.1%) and second follow-up (8.1%). Appropriate use of low-dose aspirin rose from 32% at baseline to 64% at the second follow-up for primary prevention. In secondary prevention, 71.8%, 75.9%, and 71.7% of participants were taking low-dose aspirin at baseline, first, and second follow-up, respectively. On the basis of a population-based cohort, the appropriateness of low-dose aspirin use increased over a 10-year follow-up in primary prevention, but its inappropriate use still concerned 44% of subjects. In secondary prevention, a quarter of individuals were not taking low-dose aspirin which remained stable over the analyzed period.