The swarm-based algorithm is a type of algorithm inspired by natural phenomena. Swarm-based algorithms have been successfully used to solve many Np-hard optimization problems. Swarm-based algorithms have been found to be particularly effective for solving complex optimization problems. In addition to their ability to handle complex and nonlinear search spaces, these algorithms are also constrained by computational complexity and premature convergence. It should be noted, however, that swarm-based algorithms are not suitable for all optimization problems. Several effective strategies have been proposed in order to overcome this limitation, including the hybridization of other algorithms. In addition to its computational complexity, it may not always be the optimal solution to each problem, due to premature convergence and computational complexity. © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.