AbstractEmotional dysregulation such as that seen in depression, are a long-term consequence of mild traumatic brain injury (TBI), that can be improved by using neuromodulation treatments such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Previous studies provide insights into the changes in functional connectivity related to general emotional health after the application of rTMS procedures in patients with TBI. However, these studies provide little understanding of the underlying neuronal mechanisms that drive the improvement of the emotional health in these patients.The current study focuses on inferring the effective (causal) connectivity changes and their association with emotional health, after rTMS treatment of cognitive problems in TBI patients (N=32). Specifically, we used resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging together with spectral dynamic causal model to investigate changes in brain effective connectivity, before and after the application of high frequency (10 Hz) rTMS over left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. We investigated the effective connectivity of the cortico-limbic network comprised of 11 regions of interest which are part of the default mode, salience and executive control networks, known to be implicated in emotional processing.The results indicate that overall, among extrinsic connections, the strength of excitatory connections decreased while that of inhibitory connections increased indicating reduction in the activity of all the inspected brain regions after the neuromodulation. The cardinal region in the analysis was dorsal anterior cingulate cortex which is considered to be the most influenced during emotional health disorders.Our findings implicate the altered connectivity of dorsal anterior cingulate cortex with left anterior insula and medial prefrontal cortex, after the application of rTMS, as a potential neural mechanism underlying improvement of emotional health. Our investigation highlights the importance of these brain regions as treatment targets in emotional processing in TBI.