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Advanced Functional Materials
Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY
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Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
Advanced Functional Materials
Article . 2025
License: CC BY
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Probing Early Particle‐Cell Membrane Interactions via Single‐Cell and Single‐Particle Interaction Analysis

Authors: Houari Bettahar; Christos Tapeinos; Oğulcan Işıtman; Carmine D'Amico; Alexandra Correia; Hélder A. Santos; Quan Zhou;

Probing Early Particle‐Cell Membrane Interactions via Single‐Cell and Single‐Particle Interaction Analysis

Abstract

AbstractEndocytosis is vital for nutrient uptake and nanomedicine applications, but the biophysics of the pre‐internalization phase remains poorly understood at single‐cell level. This study uses advanced robotic techniques to analyze pre‐internalization adhesion mechanics. MiaPaCa‐2 cells, pancreatic cancer, displayed three interaction phases: rapid lateral displacement, a quasi‐plateau phase, and linear displacement during extraction. Adhesion time is linked to changes in cell mechanics, with MiaPaCa‐2 cells displaying a biphasic uptake process—an initial rapid adhesion phase followed by a strengthening of adhesion high variability in viscoelasticity. In contrast, fibroblasts show a gradual increase in adhesion forces, accompanied by significant rises in stiffness and viscosity. Unlike traditional endocytosis studies, this study focuses on how pathway inhibitors alter initial membrane engagement rather than uptake mechanisms. Clathrin inhibition increased adhesion by 39%, caveolae inhibition by 27%, and microtubule inhibition reduced adhesion by 48%, indicating microtubules' role in adhesion dynamics. Combined inhibition of clathrin, caveolae, and microtubules reduced adhesion by 70%, showing that disrupting multiple pathways severely impairs particle adhesion. Under repeated stress, MiaPaCa‐2 cells soften (≈75% Young's modulus reduction) due to cytoskeletal disruption, while fibroblasts gradually soften (≈71% modulus reduction), highlighting cellular adaptations. These findings provide new insights into the pre‐internalization of particles at the single‐cell level.

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Keywords

submicron particle uptake, Endocytic pathways, Robotic and automation, Adhesion dynamics, particle-cell interactions, endocytic pathways, adhesion dynamics, Particle-cell interactions, Pharmacy, robotic and automation, Submicron particle uptake

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green
hybrid