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Drug Testing and Analysis
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Distribution of clomipramine, citalopram, midazolam, and metabolites in skeletal tissue after chronic dosing in rats

Authors: Vandenbosch, Michiel; Somers, Tomas; Cuypers, Eva;

Distribution of clomipramine, citalopram, midazolam, and metabolites in skeletal tissue after chronic dosing in rats

Abstract

AbstractIn recent years, the use of skeletal tissue as an alternative matrix in forensic toxicology has received new interest. In cases where extreme decomposition has taken place, analysis of skeletal tissue is often the only option left. In this article, a fully validated method is presented and the distribution of clomipramine, citalopram, midazolam, and metabolites after chronically administration is examined within skeletal tissue. Rats were chronically dosed with respectively clomipramine, citalopram, or midazolam. Extracts were quantitatively analyzed using liquid chromatography−electrospray ionization−tandem mass spectrometry (LC−ESI−MS/MS). Clomipramine, citalopram, and metabolites, respectively desmethylclomipramine and desmethylcitalopram are shown to be detectable in all bone types sampled. Midazolam and its metabolite α‐OH‐midazolam could not be detected. The absence of midazolam in extracts gives an indication that drugs with pKa values under physiological pH are badly or not incorporated in bone tissue. Bone and post‐mortem blood concentrations were compared. A range of different bone types was compared and showed that the concentration is strongly dependent on the bone type. In concordance with previous publications, the humerus shows the highest drug levels. Skeletal tissue concentrations found ranged from 1.1 to 587.8 ng/g. Comparison of the same bone type between the different rats showed high variances. However, the drugs−metabolite ratio proved to have lower variances (<20%). Moreover, the drugs−metabolite ratio in the sampled bones is in close concordance to the ratios seen in blood within a rat. From this, we can assume that the drugs−metabolite ratio in skeletal tissue may prove to be more useful than absolute found concentration.

Countries
Belgium, Netherlands
Related Organizations
Keywords

Male, Wistar, 0601 Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Analytical Chemistry, Electrospray Ionization/methods, Midazolam/administration & dosage, Limit of Detection, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Pharmacology & Pharmacy, skeletal tissue, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Chromatography, Clomipramine/administration & dosage, STATE, Antidepressive Agents, Chemistry, Physical Sciences, ELISA, 1115 Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, BONE, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, 0301 Analytical Chemistry, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization, TOXICOLOGY, Citalopram/administration & dosage, Midazolam, 3214 Pharmacology and pharmaceutical sciences, Bone and Bones/metabolism, Citalopram, Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods, Biochemical Research Methods, Bone and Bones, DOSE-DEATH INTERVAL, RELATIVE DISTRIBUTION, High Pressure Liquid/methods, DRUGS, Animals, Antidepressive Agents/administration & dosage, Rats, Wistar, Science & Technology, Spectrometry, KETAMINE, Chemistry, Analytical, Mass, NORKETAMINE, Rats, chronic dosage, Anti-Anxiety Agents, Anti-Anxiety Agents/administration & dosage, Clomipramine

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
6
Average
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