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image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Soft Computingarrow_drop_down
image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
Soft Computing
Article . 2005 . Peer-reviewed
License: Springer TDM
Data sources: Crossref
image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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Digital watermarking in coding/decoding processes with fuzzy relation equations

Authors: SESSA, SALVATORE; F. DI MARTINO;

Digital watermarking in coding/decoding processes with fuzzy relation equations

Abstract

By normalizing the values of its pixels with respect to the length of the used scale, a gray image can be interpreted as a fuzzy relation R which is divided in submatrices (possibly square) called blocks. Every block R B is compressed to a block G B , which in turn is decompressed to a block D B (unsigned) ?R B . Both G B and D B are obtained via fuzzy relation equations with continuous triangular norms in which fuzzy sets with Gaussian membership functions are used as coders. The blocks D B are recomposed in order to give a fuzzy relation D. We use the Lukasiewicz t-norm and a watermark (matrix) is embedded in every G B with the LSBM (Least Significant Bit Modification) algorithm by obtaining a block [InlineMediaObject not available: see fulltext.], decompressed to a block [InlineMediaObject not available: see fulltext.] (signed). Both [InlineMediaObject not available: see fulltext.] and [InlineMediaObject not available: see fulltext.] are obtained by using the same fuzzy relation equations. The blocks [InlineMediaObject not available: see fulltext.] are recomposed by obtaining the fuzzy relation [InlineMediaObject not available: see fulltext.] (signed). By evaluating the quality of the reconstructed images via the PSNR (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio) with respect to the original image R, we show that the signed image [InlineMediaObject not available: see fulltext.] is very similar to the unsigned image D for low values of the compression rate.

Country
Italy
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Keywords

Fuzzy relation equation; Lukasiewicz t-norm; watermarking; least significant bit modification algorithm. peak signal to noise ratio, least significant bit modification algorithm. peak signal to noise ratio, Fuzzy relation equation, watermarking, Lukasiewicz t-norm

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
14
Average
Top 10%
Average
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