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Cogent Engineering
Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY
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Cogent Engineering
Article . 2025
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Load-dependent vehicle routing problem with route time constraint: a heuristic approach

Authors: Nguyen Thuy Trang; Parthana Parthanadee; Jirachai Buddhakulsomsiri; Pham Duc Tai;

Load-dependent vehicle routing problem with route time constraint: a heuristic approach

Abstract

This article explores a vehicle routing problem originating from the delivery operations of an e-commerce retailer in Thailand. The problem requires consideration of load-dependent distance objective and route time restriction. A mathematical model is formulated for the problem to minimize the total load-dependent distance subject to the time limit of a route. To take the last leg of a delivery route, where a vehicle returns empty, into consideration, a base load is placed on the vehicle. In addition, a heuristic algorithm is developed to solve large problem instances, with which the mathematical cannot be solved. The heuristic features a customized saving algorithm for route construction in combination with a series of route improvement mechanisms. The performance of the proposed mathematical model and the heuristic algorithm is evaluated by using adapted problem instances, where different combinations of capacity, route time limitations, and base loads are included. The results show that for instances with known optimal solutions, the heuristic algorithm can reach solutions with small gaps to the optimal. For those with only lower bounds, the heuristic algorithm can produce solutions close to these bounds. Moreover, the results reveal that choosing an appropriate base load improves the performance of the heuristic.

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Keywords

Transport & Vehicle Engineering, Vehicle routing problem, load-dependent distance, route time limit, heuristic approach, TA1-2040, mixed-integer linear programing, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
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