This article prepared by hematologists and the psychologist raises the problem of adherence to therapy in chronic myeloid leukemia. Poor adherence to therapy can worsen treatment outcomes. Patients who take less than 90 % of prescribed imatinib have lower chances to achieve clinically significant deep remission. It is shown that adherence rates decrease over time. Methods for measurement of adherence have limitations and do not always reflect an actual situation. It is noted that long-term treatment using medication in a form of tablets has its peculiarities associated with the necessity of a patient’s clear understanding of treatment goals, appropriate information on therapy aspects, and correction of side effects. The data on tyrosine kinase inhibitors regimens in chronic myeloid leukemia are included. The causes of poor adherence to therapy related to a particular mode of treatment and psychological status of the patient are described. Practical recommendations on adherence improvement are given.