The textile industry is one of the largest consumers of water and producers of heavily polluted wastewater. The composition of textile wastewater (TWW) varies significantly depending on the production technologies and chemicals used and has a direct impact on the efficiency of membrane pressure processes such as ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis. In this paper, the main components of TWW and their effects on the performance of membrane systems are analyzed, with a particular focus on the mechanisms of membrane fouling and strategies to minimize negative effects. Understanding the interactions between specific wastewater constituents and membrane materials is crucial for optimizing treatment processes and extending membrane lifetime.