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IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering
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Multimodal Freezing of Gait Detection: Analyzing the Benefits and Limitations of Physiological Data

Authors: Yang, Po-Kai; Filtjens, Benjamin; Ginis, Pieter; Goris, Maaike; Nieuwboer, Alice; Gilat, Moran; Slaets, Peter; +1 Authors

Multimodal Freezing of Gait Detection: Analyzing the Benefits and Limitations of Physiological Data

Abstract

Freezing of gait (FOG) is a debilitating symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD), characterized by an absence or reduction in forward movement of the legs despite the intention to walk. Detecting FOG during free-living conditions presents significant challenges, particularly when using only inertial measurement unit (IMU) data, as it must be distinguished from voluntary stopping events that also feature reduced forward movement. Influences from stress and anxiety, measurable through galvanic skin response (GSR) and electrocardiogram (ECG), may assist in distinguishing FOG from normal gait and stopping. However, no study has investigated the fusion of IMU, GSR, and ECG for FOG detection. Therefore, this study introduced two methods: a two-step approach that first identified reduced forward movement segments using a Transformer-based model with IMU data, followed by an XGBoost model classifying these segments as FOG or stopping using IMU, GSR, and ECG features; and an end-to-end approach employing a multi-stage temporal convolutional network to directly classify FOG and stopping segments from IMU, GSR, and ECG data. Results showed that the two-step approach with all data modalities achieved an average F1 score of 0.728 and F1@50 of 0.725, while the end-to-end approach scored 0.771 and 0.759, respectively. However, no significant difference was found compared to using only IMU data in both approaches (p-values: 0.466 to 0.887). In conclusion, adding physiological data did not provide a statistically significant benefit in distinguishing between FOG and stopping. The limitations may be specific to GSR and ECG data, and may not generalize to other physiological modalities.

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Keywords

Male, Technology, Monitoring, Physiology, Parkinson's disease, Heart rate, Biomedical Engineering, Freezing of gait assessment, galvanic skin response, Diseases, RM1-950, electrocardiogram, Electrocardiography, Engineering, 0903 Biomedical Engineering, Medical technology, Humans, R855-855.5, Engineering, Biomedical, Gait, Gait Disorders, Neurologic, Skin, 4003 Biomedical engineering, Aged, Science & Technology, 4007 Control engineering, mechatronics and robotics, PARKINSONS-DISEASE PATIENTS, inertial measurement unit, Rehabilitation, multimodal, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Parkinson Disease, Galvanic Skin Response, Middle Aged, 0906 Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Parkinson’s disease, Legged locomotion, Feature extraction, Manuals, Female, Therapeutics. Pharmacology, Neural Networks, Computer, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Algorithms, Anxiety disorders

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
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