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Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
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Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
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Research . 2025
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Notes on a World with Generative AI

Authors: Askitas, Nikos;

Notes on a World with Generative AI

Abstract

Generative AI (GenAI) and Large Language Models (LLMs) are moving into domains once seen as uniquely human–reasoning, synthesis, abstraction, and rhetoric. Addressed to labor economists and informed readers, this paper clarifies what is truly new about LLMs, what is not, and why it matters. Using an analogy to autoregressive models from economics, we explain their stochastic nature, whose fluency is often mistaken for agency. We situate LLMs in the longer history of human–machine outsourcing, from digestion to cognition, and examine disruptive effects on white-collar labor, institutions, and epistemic norms. Risks emerge when synthetic content becomes both product and input, creating feedback loops that erode originality and reliability. Grounding the discussion in conceptual clarity over hype, we argue that while GenAI may substitute for some labor, statistical limits will preserve a key role for human judgment. The question is not only how these tools are used, but which tasks we relinquish and how we reallocate expertise in a new division of cognitive labor.

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Keywords

O31, O33, ddc:330, human-machine collaboration knowledge work, J22, L86, J44, J24, technological change, labor economics, O38, human–machine collaboration, Generative Artificial Intelligence, Large Language Models, D83, autoregressive models, knowledge work, generative artificial intelligence, digital transformation, large language models, epistemic norms, automation and outsourcing

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
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