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IEEE Access
Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY
Data sources: Crossref
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IEEE Access
Article . 2025
Data sources: DOAJ
https://dx.doi.org/10.13016/m2...
Other literature type . 2025
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
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Automating IoT Data Privacy Compliance by Integrating Knowledge Graphs With Large Language Models

Authors: Kelvin U. Echenim; Karuna P. Joshi;

Automating IoT Data Privacy Compliance by Integrating Knowledge Graphs With Large Language Models

Abstract

Regulatory compliance is mandatory for Internet of Things (IoT) manufacturers, particularly under stringent frameworks such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which governs the handling of personal data. We introduce a novel framework for automating IoT compliance verification by integrating a Large Language Model (LLM) with a domain-specific Knowledge Graph (KG). The framework achieves two primary objectives: 1) leveraging the LLM to interpret natural-language compliance queries, and 2) employing a KG populated with synthetic GDPR scenarios to provide structured, up-to-date regulatory guidance, modeling obligations, permissions, and prohibitions for both deontic (normative) and non-deontic (factual) queries, thus mitigating biases and hallucinations inherent in language models. Evaluated on 50 representative GDPR compliance queries, our approach achieves high semantic alignment (mean BERTScore F1 of 0.89), with expert reviewers rating approximately 84% of generated compliance advice as fully or mostly correct. This work offers IoT manufacturers a scalable, automated solution for data privacy compliance.

Related Organizations
Keywords

IoT, UMBC Cybersecurity Institute, Internet of Things, FOS: Law, Data privacy compliance, UMBC KNowlege, Analytics, Cognitive and Cloud Computing (KnACC) Lab, semantic interoperability, UMBC Ebiquity Researh Group, TK1-9971, regulatory compliance automation, Cognition, knowledge graphs, wearables, Privacy, Knowledge graphs, large language models, Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, Large language models, Law, Data privacy, Accuracy, General Data Protection Regulation, UMBC Knowledge, Analytics, Cognitive and Cloud Computing (KnACC) lab, Regulation

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
gold