SummaryThis paper explores the factors that influence the practice of induced abortion in a very low fertility society, with particular emphasis on son preference and three distinct religions: Confucianism, Buddhism and Christianity. Using multivariate logistic regression models fitted by the generalized estimating equation (GEE) method, this paper analysed the data collected by the 2000 Korea National Fertility and Family Health Survey of 6348 married women aged 15–49 years with a total of 1217 pregnancy outcomes. The results showed that the likelihood of induced abortions in women with two or more children, compared with those with one child, was significantly influenced by the sex composition of the previous children: odds ratio (OR)=12·71 (95% CI=5·49, 29·42) for women with only son(s), and OR=3·91 (95% CI=1·67, 9·14) for women with only daughter(s). At parity two, women with two sons were much more likely to have induced abortions than women with two daughters (OR=5·88, 95% CI=2·70, 12·85). Although Buddhist women were not significantly different from Confucian women in induced abortion practice, Christian women were much less likely than Confucian women to have an induced abortion (OR=0·39, 95% CI=0·18, 0·88 for women with only sons and OR=0·44, 95% CI=0·24, 0·81 for women with two children). This suggests that even in this very low fertility society, son preference and religious affiliation are significant predictors of women’s practice of induced abortion.