Glued wood finger-jointed panels are widely employed due to their efficient use of wood resources and the enhancement of product quality. To address defects in the quality inspection of these panels, a set of ultrasonic glued laminated wood finger-joined board inspection systems was designed using Barker Code pulse excitation. This was achieved by adopting air-coupled ultrasonic technology and incorporating phase coding technology. Relevant validation experimental research was carried out on the performance of the system. The results show that the system covered two key components, namely hardware and software, which enabled its ultrasonic transducer to realise the functions of rapid scanning of the internal and external qualities of the board and automatic C-scan inspection imaging to identify defects in the specimen without contacting the glued wood finger-joined board specimen. The validation test confirmed that the inspection system achieved good accuracy and reliability. It was concluded that this approach has potential to improve the quality inspection technology of glued laminated direct lumber and to promote the development of wood processing industry.