This study examines the current status, challenges, and future prospects of nuclear science education and training (E&T) in Ethiopia. Nuclear education began in the 1960s with basic theoretical concepts, and the first structured academic efforts emerged in the 1990s through MSc program at Addis Ababa University. However, there are still no dedicated undergraduate degrees or specialized training programs in nuclear science. To identify a path forward, the study compares Ethiopia’s progress with selected developed countries that have successfully leveraged nuclear technology, emphasizing the importance of collaboration and shared experience. The study focuses on four essential pillars: human resource development, knowledge management, knowledge networks, and long-term sustainability. It aims to serve as a communication tool for both national policymakers and institutions to support the growth of nuclear E&T in alignment with Ethiopia’s development goals. Major challenges include inadequate infrastructure, limited funding, lack of qualified personnel, and insufficient laboratory facilities. If Ethiopia’s present nuclear energy ambitions are to succeed, the government will require competent human resources to develop nuclear facilities, assure safe and secure operations, and conduct nuclear E&T and research. To address these needs, the study recommends developing internationally aligned curricula, investing in skilled faculty and technicians, expanding research infrastructure, and building public trust through awareness and education. The paper concludes by highlighting the critical role of international and national collaboration in strengthening nuclear education in Ethiopia and presents practical recommendations to guide future development in areas such as energy, health, agriculture, industry, and other disciplines.