In this long-term, clinical study, the authors are concerned with the history, development and contemporary possibilities of vital pulp therapy. Our department has been for more than thirty years engaged in following of repair processes in the dental pulp, as well as results after the treatment of injured dental pulp during direct pulp capping. Clinical observation was complemented by experimental study on human teeth.Initial hypothesis of successful direct pulp capping:Biologically high-quality dental pulp can be repairedCapping material should support repair processes in the dental pulpCavity must be closed with hermetic filling without any leakageLong-term observation of histological sections of 539 extracted human teeth was divided into three groups. All teeth were decalcified in the electrolytic way. Then they were processed by the celoidin technique and coloured with H&E stain.Our long-term clinical observation and literary sources confirm that for successful direct pulp capping it is dominant:1. Valid diagnosis of injured pulp biological state (young, up to 30 years, tooth without any clinical symptoms, vital, without possible iatrogenic changes, small perforation in intact dentine, with slight bleeding of clearly red blood, aseptic working procedure).2. For common practice we recommended combined salicylic cement with Ca(OH)2 (Dycal, Dentsply DeTray) for capping, especially for its easy application in small portions and good biologic features.3. Exact making of resin composite filling with high-quality bonding system is necessary.It is necessary to indicate and perform direct pulp capping advisedly and only in sporadic cases. Early and welldone root canal treatment has generally better prognosis.